How human rights and the environment are linked

Climate change threatens our human rights, and human rights are also essential for protecting our planet. But more on that later. First, let's answer some quick questions about human rights and why they're important to our work.

What's the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

The horrors of the Second World War united the international community in calling for clearly defined rights for all. The UN went on to adopt a document that sets out our fundamental human rights, including:

• the right to life
• freedom from arbitrary arrest and torture
• freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association
• the right to a fair trial
• the right to non-discrimination.

Is the Universal Declaration legally binding?

The Declaration spells out our freedoms and rights.

Violating any of those rights is likely to attract widespread condemnation. They've become a moral benchmark for the international community.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights can't force countries to do anything. But it has inspired a range of treaties and laws that can.

Thanks to the Declaration, lots of human rights are now legally protected (most notably in the UK by the Human Rights Act 1998). This includes the rights of people at special risk – like indigenous people and human rights defenders.

Examples of legally-binding descendants of the Declaration include:

• the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
• the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).

What's the link between human rights and the environment?

Other declarations and treaties also now help protect the environment and human rights. For example, the Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development recognises the importance of respecting the environment today to protect the rights of future generations. And in 2022 the UN General Assembly took the historic step of recognising the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment.

Environmental destruction can deny people their rights to life, health, food, water, sanitation and more. Overconsumption of natural resources like metals, trees and fertile land is damaging the environment, destroying livelihoods and harming the cultures of many communities.

Climate breakdown is also a human-rights issue. It threatens people's fundamental rights including the rights to life, food, housing and an adequate standard of living. Extreme weather, drought, and rising sea levels – made worse by climate change – are forcing millions of people to leave their homes.

People challenging these violations have themselves suffered numerous human rights abuses such as unlawful killings, ill-treatment and harassment. In 2022 at least 177 people were killed defending their land, forest or water from destruction by companies, according to Global Witness.

Are human rights under threat in the UK?

Worryingly, the UK government has passed restrictive laws impacting civic space, protest rights and campaigning, which threatens our ability to protect the planet. This includes the draconian Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act and the even more authoritarian Public Order Act, which seriously restricts protest rights. It's also introduced photo voter ID and restricted the legal process known as “judicial review”. These measures limit people from making their voices heard on the streets and at the ballot box, and restrict access to justice. Some senior politicians have even considered scrapping the Human Rights Act and withdrawing from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Find out more about the threat to human rights in the UK.

How can we protect our human rights and the environment?

People must have the freedom to defend the environment and their rights without fear of reprisals. This includes:

• Environmental rights: Access to information and a fair judicial system – people must be allowed to participate meaningfully in local decisions that affect them.
• Civil liberties: Freedom to speak out or protest peacefully – peaceful protests can take the form of boycotts, rallies, art installations etc.

To protect the environment and people's wellbeing, governments need to properly regulate corporate activities, international trade, and investments by international financial institutions. They need to hold companies to account when they damage the environment or abuse human rights.

And of course they must also tackle the climate and ecological crises, so that everyone can enjoy a safe environment in which to thrive. 

Holding governments to account is vital for ensuring they uphold our fundamental rights. At home we can petition, lobby and meet with our local representatives, and globally we can show solidarity with communities whose rights are threatened or abused. Many Friends of the Earth groups around the world have stood in solidarity against the threat to rights in the UK, from Brazil and Palestine to Togo and Hungary.

What's Friends of the Earth doing to defend human rights?

By protecting and restoring nature – and working with communities to fend off dirty energy – Friends of the Earth is helping to defend our human rights. We are constantly working in defence of these rights in the UK and internationally.

We’re also campaigning against the new laws the UK government is proposing that threaten our rights and freedoms. You can help us stand up for people and planet today.