How UK timber imports are bad for people and planet

What’s happening to forests in Malaysia?

Imagine waking up one morning and finding that the forest where you live, that you depend on for gathering food and fishing, and where your family has lived for centuries, has been designated as a logging concession where trees can be cut down for timber. No one’s asked you about your land, and you’re not allowed to speak out.

Our forest is our bank, our supermarket, our hospital. Without a forest [we] cannot survive.

Komeok Joe, leader of Keruan and community elder of Penan Indigenous communities

This is exactly what’s happened to Indigenous communities in Sarawak, a Malaysian state on the island of Borneo. For several decades, their forest home has been under attack from Samling, a Malaysian timber and palm oil company. And Sarawak has seen devastating levels of deforestation in recent years, losing 27% of its tree cover between 2000 and 2021. These communities are defending some of Sarawak’s last-remaining primary forest.

That’s why in April 2025, Indigenous forest defenders joined UK activists at “Rainforest Lifelines” ceremonies in London and Manchester. These ceremonies were an expression of resistance and solidarity to highlight the role of Indigenous peoples as key protectors of threatened rainforests and homelands – the lifelines of humanity. 

During the rest of their visit to the UK, these forest defenders shared their testimonies through meetings with MPs, civil servants, researchers and academics, and a host of UK allies. Ahead of the UN climate talks (COP 30) taking place this November in the Amazon rainforest, they’re urging countries like the UK to ensure their demand for wood and other commodities doesn’t destroy the environment or cause harm to people overseas. They’re also calling on international leaders to recognise and support the key role that Indigenous communities must play in protecting the world’s forest.

Why isn’t Malaysian timber sustainable?

Logging has a huge impact on forests, wildlife and local people. As Sarawak communities wrote in a 2023 letter to the UK government: "The logging drives out the animals [...] Logging activities pollute our rivers and streams which we use for drinking water. The logging erodes the land and the rivers […] the rivers rise after heavy rain and flood our villages like never before.”

In Malaysia, timber is certified as meeting environmental and ethical standards through the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme (MTCS). But the MTCS is ultimately an exercise in greenwashing. 

The MTCS often ignores Indigenous land ownership, while timber corporations regularly fail to meet the requirements of the scheme, for example around transparency, community consultation and impact assessments. So the MTCS doesn’t protect the local communities or forests. 

In Sarawak, companies can also exploit a weaker governance system that doesn’t even require such transparency and consultation. In a worrying development, 200,000 hectares of territory traditionally occupied by Indigenous communities was licensed to Samling, with over 50,000 hectares designated for conversion to palm oil plantations. 

This has taken place without recognition of the communities’ ownership of the land and their dependence on it for their livelihoods. Samling has also failed to properly consult and share information with them. 

Communities will wake up one day. Their trees are fallen, their farms are being bulldozed, because they were never consulted to begin with.

Celine Lim, head of SAVE Rivers and Kayan community leader

And what’s more, Samling even took legal action to try and silence local protests against logging, in what the United Nations suggested may have amounted to a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP). In SLAPPs, businesses such as Samling “exploit the power imbalances that exist between companies and human rights defenders" to "silence criticism and deter future opposition to a company’s projects through intimidation,” for example through the threat of huge fines. But following international pressure and a #StoptheSLAPP campaign opposing Samling’s bullying tactics, the timber giant ultimately dropped its defamation lawsuit. 

How’s the UK driving deforestation abroad?

The UK is the 7th largest importer of MTCS-certified timber globally, making us a key market – particularly for wooden furniture, plywood and builders joinery. UK timber regulations lay out rules that apply to timber entering the country. Timber importers must engage in “due diligence” to ensure imports meet legal obligations – including land tenure and genuine consultation with communities.

But this is very much a paper exercise and relies on certification. We know that on the ground legislation can be weak and power prevails. Despite blatant breaches, MTCS timber – some of which may be illegal under UK legislation – continues to enter the UK as sustainable.

How can we protect our world’s forests and their communities?

We face a climate and biodiversity crisis. Action to save the world’s forests and wild places, and the people that live in them, is urgent and essential. And timber isn’t the only harmful commodity – Sarawak is just one example of how big business puts profit above all else.

When we buy furniture and other products, we rely on certification schemes to tell us whether they're sustainable. But if those schemes aren’t working to really protect environments and local communities, we need a law that will.

Our campaign, Planet over Profit, is calling on the UK government to enact a tough new law to ensure corporations are held to account. They need to respect the rights of Indigenous people and local communities – who are increasingly recognised as the best guardians of the planet’s biodiversity and forests – and be made liable for any damage they cause. Such a law would oblige UK companies to halt environmental destruction and human rights abuses in their supply chains.

Friends of the Earth is a member of CUT (Clean Up the Tropical Timber Trade), alongside coalition members SAVE Rivers, Keruan, Bruno Manser Fonds, The Borneo Project and Rimbawatch. The "Rainforest Lifelines" ceremonies were a coalition action devised and produced by activist and artist Gaby Solly.